Your student loan documents probably do not explicitly state “let the buyer beware”–but maybe they should. A sobering report released this month by the Institute for Higher Education Policy, “Delinquency: The Untold Story of Student Loan Borrowing,” suggests that a majority of students struggle to repay their loans.
As the cost of a higher education has exponentially increased over the last couple of decades, common sense and anecdotal evidence has suggested this is the case. Unfortunately, policymakers have relied solely on default rates as a measurement tool. Default rates alone paint an incomplete picture, because they exclude borrowers who have difficulty repaying their loans but avoid default.
The new report primarily focuses on the nearly 1.8 million borrowers who entered into repayment on loans obtained through the (now defunct) Federal Family Education Loan Program in 2005 during their first five years of repayment. It details the rates at which borrowers entered not only into default, but also into deferment (a temporary suspension of loan payments for specific situations such as re-enrollment in school, unemployment, or economic hardship); forbearance (temporary suspensions of a borrower’s payments because of financial difficulty made at the discretion of the lender); and delinquency (late payment on a loan).
Falling behind on federal student or parent loan payments can be terrifying. Your credit scores drop, which can cut off opportunities to buy homes, go back to school, or get credit cards. Bankruptcy judges generally won't clear the debt, and the government can take part of your paychecks and even Social Security checks. But those having trouble making payments on federal education loans do have a growing number of attractive options to temporarily reduce or pause their monthly bills, or even get some of their debt forgiven.
Here are some steps to get at least temporary financial relief while preserving good credit ratings:
1. Document. Gather and keep good records of all phone calls and save copies of all paperwork and E-mails.
2. Determine your loan type. Look at your documents and, if necessary, call your lender to figure out what kind of educational loans you are having trouble with. This can be harder than it sounds. Through July 1, 2010, private lenders such as Sallie Mae and Citibank can make both federal and private student loans. (After that, students and parents will apply through their college directly to the federal government for federal student loans. Private companies will only make private student loans.) The confusion over the different kinds of loans offered by private companies could have caused some borrowers to mistakenly takeout private loans instead of federal loans. Unfortunately, private loans offer those in financial trouble fewer options for relief. (However, Congress is debating a proposal to allow debtors to use bankruptcy to escape at least some private educational loans.) The following instructions apply only to the five major kinds of federal education loans: Parent Plus, Grad Plus, unsubsidized Stafford, subsidized Stafford, and Perkins.
[Read about other advantages of federal student loans.]
3. Determine who to call. You can get the name and contact information for your loan servicer by checking with the federal government or calling 1-800-4-FED-AID. Don't just call the company or school that gave you your loan. Most lenders sell their loans to investors, and hire companies called "servicers" to handle billing. If you've missed several payments, the servicer may turn your account over to a collections agency. In addition, those who have missed some payments often get calls from insurance companies, called guarantors, that backs many student loans. Borrowers generally need only deal with their servicer or collection agency.
4. Check the timing. People who haven't yet missed any payments have the easiest time of decreasing their monthly payments or getting permission to skip some payments, as costs and hassles rise the longer borrowers avoid paying. Lenders can add late fees of up to 6 percent of each monthly bill for every missed payment. It's still comparatively easy to get relief if you start negotiations before you've missed your ninth payment (or are less than 270 days late). After that, however, you're considered in default which means your credit rating plunges and you cannot receive any additional federal financial aid for college. Collection agencies can confiscate tax refunds or other government payments owed to defaulters, and they can garnish up to 15 percent of defaulters' wages. Lenders can add collection fees of up to 25 percent on most federal education debts starting 60 days after default. Those who default on Perkins loans can see their debts jump by collection fees of up to 40 percent.
Ultimately, there are a variety of other ways to manage your loans. This article was meant to shed light and provide some assistance and ideas. Perhaps others will be willing to share their stories and ways they have coped.
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